Saturday, July 11, 2015

Open vSwitch: Open vSwitch Advanced Features Tutorial

Many tutorials cover the basics of OpenFlow. This is not such a tutorial. Rather, a knowledge of the basics of OpenFlow is a prerequisite. If you do not already understand how an OpenFlow flow table works, please go read a basic tutorial and then continue reading here afterward.
It is also important to understand the basics of Open vSwitch before you begin. If you have never used ovs-vsctl or ovs-ofctl before, you should learn a little about them before proceeding.
Most of the features covered in this tutorial are Open vSwitch extensions to OpenFlow. Also, most of the features in this tutorial are specific to the software Open vSwitch implementation. If you are using an Open vSwitch port to an ASIC-based hardware switch, this tutorial will not help you.
This tutorial does not cover every aspect of the features that it mentions. You can find the details elsewhere in the Open vSwitch documentation, especially ovs-ofctl(8) and the comments in the include/openflow/nicira-ext.h header file.
In this tutorial, paragraphs set off like this designate notes with additional information that readers may wish to skip on a first read.

Getting Started

This is a hands-on tutorial. To get the most out of it, you will need Open vSwitch binaries. You do not, on the other hand, need any physical networking hardware or even supervisor privilege on your system. Instead, we will use a script called ovs-sandbox, which accompanies the tutorial, that constructs a software simulated network environment based on Open vSwitch.
You can use ovs-sandbox three ways:
  • If you have already installed Open vSwitch on your system, then you should be able to just run ovs-sandbox from this directory without any options.
  • If you have not installed Open vSwitch (and you do not want to install it), then you can build Open vSwitch according to the instructions in INSTALL.md, without installing it. Then run ./ovs-sandbox -b DIRECTORY from this directory, substituting the Open vSwitch build directory for DIRECTORY.
  • As a slight variant on the latter, you can run make sandbox from an Open vSwitch build directory.
When you run ovs-sandbox, it does the following:
  1. CAUTION: Deletes any subdirectory of the current directory named "sandbox" and any files in that directory.
  2. Creates a new directory "sandbox" in the current directory.
  3. Sets up special environment variables that ensure that Open vSwitch programs will look inside the "sandbox" directory instead of in the Open vSwitch installation directory.
  4. If you are using a built but not installed Open vSwitch, installs the Open vSwitch manpages in a subdirectory of "sandbox" and adjusts the MANPATH environment variable to point to this directory. This means that you can use, for example, man ovs-vsctl to see a manpage for the ovs-vsctl program that you built.
  5. Creates an empty Open vSwitch configuration database under "sandbox".
  6. Starts ovsdb-server running under "sandbox".
  7. Starts ovs-vswitchd running under "sandbox", passing special options that enable a special "dummy" mode for testing.
  8. Starts a nested interactive shell inside "sandbox".
At this point, you can run all the usual Open vSwitch utilities from the nested shell environment. You can, for example, use ovs-vsctl to create a bridge:
ovs-vsctl add-br br0
From Open vSwitch's perspective, the bridge that you create this way is as real as any other. You can, for example, connect it to an OpenFlow controller or use ovs-ofctl to examine and modify it and its OpenFlow flow table. On the other hand, the bridge is not visible to the operating system's network stack, so ifconfig or ip cannot see it or affect it, which means that utilities like ping and tcpdump will not work either. (That has its good side, too: you can't screw up your computer's network stack by manipulating a sandboxed OVS.)
When you're done using OVS from the sandbox, exit the nested shell (by entering the "exit" shell command or pressing Control+D). This will kill the daemons that ovs-sandbox started, but it leaves the "sandbox" directory and its contents in place.
The sandbox directory contains log files for the Open vSwitch dameons. You can examine them while you're running in the sandboxed environment or after you exit.

Using GDB

GDB support is not required to go through the tutorial. It is added in case user wants to explore the internals of OVS programs.
GDB can already be used to debug any running process, with the usual 'gdb ' command.
'ovs-sandbox' also has a '-g' option for launching ovs-vswitchd under GDB. This option can be handy for setting break points before ovs-vswitchd runs, or for catching early segfaults. Similarly, a '-d' option can be used to run ovsdb-server under GDB. Both options can be specified at the same time.
In addition, a '-e' option also launches ovs-vswitchd under GDB. However, instead of displaying a 'gdb>' prompt and waiting for user input, ovs-vswitchd will start to execute immediately. '-r' option is the corresponding option for running ovsdb-server under gdb with immediate execution.
To avoid GDB mangling with the sandbox sub shell terminal, 'ovs-sandbox' starts a new xterm to run each GDB session. For systems that do not support X windows, GDB support is effectively disabled.
When launching sandbox through the build tree's make file, the '-g' option can be passed via the 'SANDBOXFLAGS' environment variable. 'make sandbox SANDBOXFLAGS=-g' will start the sandbox with ovs-vswitchd running under GDB in its own xterm if X is available.

Motivation

The goal of this tutorial is to demonstrate the power of Open vSwitch flow tables. The tutorial works through the implementation of a MAC-learning switch with VLAN trunk and access ports. Outside of the Open vSwitch features that we will discuss, OpenFlow provides at least two ways to implement such a switch:
  1. An OpenFlow controller to implement MAC learning in a "reactive" fashion. Whenever a new MAC appears on the switch, or a MAC moves from one switch port to another, the controller adjusts the OpenFlow flow table to match.
  2. The "normal" action. OpenFlow defines this action to submit a packet to "the traditional non-OpenFlow pipeline of the switch". That is, if a flow uses this action, then the packets in the flow go through the switch in the same way that they would if OpenFlow was not configured on the switch.
Each of these approaches has unfortunate pitfalls. In the first approach, using an OpenFlow controller to implement MAC learning, has a significant cost in terms of network bandwidth and latency. It also makes the controller more difficult to scale to large numbers of switches, which is especially important in environments with thousands of hypervisors (each of which contains a virtual OpenFlow switch). MAC learning at an OpenFlow controller also behaves poorly if the OpenFlow controller fails, slows down, or becomes unavailable due to network problems.
The second approach, using the "normal" action, has different problems. First, little about the "normal" action is standardized, so it behaves differently on switches from different vendors, and the available features and how those features are configured (usually not through OpenFlow) varies widely. Second, "normal" does not work well with other OpenFlow actions. It is "all-or-nothing", with little potential to adjust its behavior slightly or to compose it with other features.

Scenario

We will construct Open vSwitch flow tables for a VLAN-capable, MAC-learning switch that has four ports:
  • p1, a trunk port that carries all VLANs, on OpenFlow port 1.
  • p2, an access port for VLAN 20, on OpenFlow port 2.
  • p3 and p4, both access ports for VLAN 30, on OpenFlow ports 3 and 4, respectively.
The ports' names are not significant. You could call them eth1 through eth4, or any other names you like.
An OpenFlow switch always has a "local" port as well. This scenario won't use the local port.
Our switch design will consist of five main flow tables, each of which implements one stage in the switch pipeline:
Table 0: Admission control.
Table 1: VLAN input processing.
Table 2: Learn source MAC and VLAN for ingress port.
Table 3: Look up learned port for destination MAC and VLAN.
Table 4: Output processing.
The section below describes how to set up the scenario, followed by a section for each OpenFlow table.
You can cut and paste the ovs-vsctl and ovs-ofctl commands in each of the sections below into your ovs-sandbox shell. They are also available as shell scripts in this directory, named t-setup, t-stage0, t-stage1, ..., t-stage4. The ovs-appctl test commands are intended for cutting and pasting and are not supplied separately.

Setup

To get started, start ovs-sandbox. Inside the interactive shell that it starts, run this command:
ovs-vsctl add-br br0 -- set Bridge br0 fail-mode=secure
This command creates a new bridge "br0" and puts "br0" into so-called "fail-secure" mode. For our purpose, this just means that the OpenFlow flow table starts out empty.
If we did not do this, then the flow table would start out with a single flow that executes the "normal" action. We could use that feature to yield a switch that behaves the same as the switch we are currently building, but with the caveats described under "Motivation" above.)
The new bridge has only one port on it so far, the "local port" br0. We need to add p1, p2, p3, and p4. A shell "for" loop is one way to do it:
for i in 1 2 3 4; do
    ovs-vsctl add-port br0 p$i -- set Interface p$i ofport_request=$i
      ovs-ofctl mod-port br0 p$i up
done
In addition to adding a port, the ovs-vsctl command above sets its "ofport_request" column to ensure that port p1 is assigned OpenFlow port 1, p2 is assigned OpenFlow port 2, and so on.
We could omit setting the ofport_request and let Open vSwitch choose port numbers for us, but it's convenient for the purposes of this tutorial because we can talk about OpenFlow port 1 and know that it corresponds to p1.
The ovs-ofctl command above brings up the simulated interfaces, which are down initially, using an OpenFlow request. The effect is similar to ifconfig up, but the sandbox's interfaces are not visible to the operating system and therefore ifconfig would not affect them.
We have not configured anything related to VLANs or MAC learning. That's because we're going to implement those features in the flow table.
To see what we've done so far to set up the scenario, you can run a command like ovs-vsctl show or ovs-ofctl show br0.

Implementing Table 0: Admission control

Table 0 is where packets enter the switch. We use this stage to discard packets that for one reason or another are invalid. For example, packets with a multicast source address are not valid, so we can add a flow to drop them at ingress to the switch with:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 \
    "table=0, dl_src=01:00:00:00:00:00/01:00:00:00:00:00, actions=drop"
A switch should also not forward IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) packets, so we can also add a flow to drop those and other packets with reserved multicast protocols:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 \
    "table=0, dl_dst=01:80:c2:00:00:00/ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:f0, actions=drop"
We could add flows to drop other protocols, but these demonstrate the pattern.
We need one more flow, with a priority lower than the default, so that flows that don't match either of the "drop" flows we added above go on to pipeline stage 1 in OpenFlow table 1:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 "table=0, priority=0, actions=resubmit(,1)"
(The "resubmit" action is an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow.)

Testing Table 0

If we were using Open vSwitch to set up a physical or a virtual switch, then we would naturally test it by sending packets through it one way or another, perhaps with common network testing tools like ping and tcpdump or more specialized tools like Scapy. That's difficult with our simulated switch, since it's not visible to the operating system.
But our simulated switch has a few specialized testing tools. The most powerful of these tools is ofproto/trace. Given a switch and the specification of a flow, ofproto/trace shows, step-by-step, how such a flow would be treated as it goes through the switch.

EXAMPLE 1

Try this command:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=01:80:c2:00:00:05
The output should look something like this:
Flow: metadata=0,in_port=1,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_dst=01:80:c2:00:00:05,dl_type=0x0000
Rule: table=0 cookie=0 dl_dst=01:80:c2:00:00:00/ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:f0
OpenFlow actions=drop

Final flow: unchanged
Datapath actions: drop
The first block of lines describes an OpenFlow table lookup. The first line shows the fields used for the table lookup (which is mostly zeros because that's the default if we don't specify everything). The second line gives the OpenFlow flow that the fields matched (called a "rule" because that is the name used inside Open vSwitch for an OpenFlow flow). In this case, we see that this packet that has a reserved multicast destination address matches the rule that drops those packets. The third line gives the rule's OpenFlow actions.
The second block of lines summarizes the results, which are not very interesting here.

EXAMPLE 2

Try another command:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=01:80:c2:00:00:10
The output should be:
Flow: metadata=0,in_port=1,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_dst=01:80:c2:00:00:10,dl_type=0x0000
Rule: table=0 cookie=0 priority=0
OpenFlow actions=resubmit(,1)

    Resubmitted flow: unchanged
    Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
    Resubmitted  odp: drop
    No match

Final flow: unchanged
Datapath actions: drop
This time the flow we handed to ofproto/trace doesn't match any of our "drop" rules, so it falls through to the low-priority "resubmit" rule, which we see in the rule and the actions selected in the first block. The "resubmit" causes a second lookup in OpenFlow table 1, described by the additional block of indented text in the output. We haven't yet added any flows to OpenFlow table 1, so no flow actually matches in the second lookup. Therefore, the packet is still actually dropped, which means that the externally observable results would be identical to our first example.

Implementing Table 1: VLAN Input Processing

A packet that enters table 1 has already passed basic validation in table 0. The purpose of table 1 is validate the packet's VLAN, based on the VLAN configuration of the switch port through which the packet entered the switch. We will also use it to attach a VLAN header to packets that arrive on an access port, which allows later processing stages to rely on the packet's VLAN always being part of the VLAN header, reducing special cases.
Let's start by adding a low-priority flow that drops all packets, before we add flows that pass through acceptable packets. You can think of this as a "default drop" rule:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 "table=1, priority=0, actions=drop"
Our trunk port p1, on OpenFlow port 1, is an easy case. p1 accepts any packet regardless of whether it has a VLAN header or what the VLAN was, so we can add a flow that resubmits everything on input port 1 to the next table:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 \
    "table=1, priority=99, in_port=1, actions=resubmit(,2)"
On the access ports, we want to accept any packet that has no VLAN header, tag it with the access port's VLAN number, and then pass it along to the next stage:
ovs-ofctl add-flows br0 - <<'EOF'
  table=1, priority=99, in_port=2, vlan_tci=0, actions=mod_vlan_vid:20, resubmit(,2)
  table=1, priority=99, in_port=3, vlan_tci=0, actions=mod_vlan_vid:30, resubmit(,2)
  table=1, priority=99, in_port=4, vlan_tci=0, actions=mod_vlan_vid:30, resubmit(,2)
EOF
We don't write any rules that match packets with 802.1Q that enter this stage on any of the access ports, so the "default drop" rule we added earlier causes them to be dropped, which is ordinarily what we want for access ports.
Another variation of access ports allows ingress of packets tagged with VLAN 0 (aka 802.1p priority tagged packets). To allow such packets, replace "vlan_tci=0" by "vlan_tci=0/0xfff" above.

Testing Table 1

ofproto/trace allows us to test the ingress VLAN rules that we added above.

EXAMPLE 1: Packet on Trunk Port

Here's a test of a packet coming in on the trunk port:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,vlan_tci=5
The output shows the lookup in table 0, the resubmit to table 1, and the resubmit to table 2 (which does nothing because we haven't put anything there yet):
Flow: metadata=0,in_port=1,vlan_tci=0x0005,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_dst=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_type=0x0000
Rule: table=0 cookie=0 priority=0
OpenFlow actions=resubmit(,1)

    Resubmitted flow: unchanged
    Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
    Resubmitted  odp: drop
    Rule: table=1 cookie=0 priority=99,in_port=1
    OpenFlow actions=resubmit(,2)

        Resubmitted flow: unchanged
        Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
        Resubmitted  odp: drop
        No match

Final flow: unchanged
Datapath actions: drop

EXAMPLE 2: Valid Packet on Access Port

Here's a test of a valid packet (a packet without an 802.1Q header) coming in on access port p2:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=2
The output is similar to that for the previous case, except that it additionally tags the packet with p2's VLAN 20 before it passes it along to table 2:
Flow: metadata=0,in_port=2,vlan_tci=0x0000,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_dst=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_type=0x0000
Rule: table=0 cookie=0 priority=0
OpenFlow actions=resubmit(,1)

    Resubmitted flow: unchanged
    Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
    Resubmitted  odp: drop
    Rule: table=1 cookie=0 priority=99,in_port=2,vlan_tci=0x0000
    OpenFlow actions=mod_vlan_vid:20,resubmit(,2)

        Resubmitted flow: metadata=0,in_port=2,dl_vlan=20,dl_vlan_pcp=0,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_dst=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_type=0x0000
        Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
        Resubmitted  odp: drop
        No match

Final flow: unchanged
Datapath actions: drop

EXAMPLE 3: Invalid Packet on Access Port

This tests an invalid packet (one that includes an 802.1Q header) coming in on access port p2:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=2,vlan_tci=5
The output shows the packet matching the default drop rule:
Flow: metadata=0,in_port=2,vlan_tci=0x0005,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_dst=00:00:00:00:00:00,dl_type=0x0000
Rule: table=0 cookie=0 priority=0
OpenFlow actions=resubmit(,1)

    Resubmitted flow: unchanged
    Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
    Resubmitted  odp: drop
    Rule: table=1 cookie=0 priority=0
    OpenFlow actions=drop

Final flow: unchanged
Datapath actions: drop

Implementing Table 2: MAC+VLAN Learning for Ingress Port

This table allows the switch we're implementing to learn that the packet's source MAC is located on the packet's ingress port in the packet's VLAN.
This table is a good example why table 1 added a VLAN tag to packets that entered the switch through an access port. We want to associate a MAC+VLAN with a port regardless of whether the VLAN in question was originally part of the packet or whether it was an assumed VLAN associated with an access port.
It only takes a single flow to do this. The following command adds it:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 \
    "table=2 actions=learn(table=10, NXM_OF_VLAN_TCI[0..11], \
                           NXM_OF_ETH_DST[]=NXM_OF_ETH_SRC[], \
                           load:NXM_OF_IN_PORT[]->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]), \
                     resubmit(,3)"
The "learn" action (an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow) modifies a flow table based on the content of the flow currently being processed. Here's how you can interpret each part of the "learn" action above:
table=10

    Modify flow table 10.  This will be the MAC learning table.

NXM_OF_VLAN_TCI[0..11]

    Make the flow that we add to flow table 10 match the same VLAN
    ID that the packet we're currently processing contains.  This
    effectively scopes the MAC learning entry to a single VLAN,
    which is the ordinary behavior for a VLAN-aware switch.

NXM_OF_ETH_DST[]=NXM_OF_ETH_SRC[]

    Make the flow that we add to flow table 10 match, as Ethernet
    destination, the Ethernet source address of the packet we're
    currently processing.

load:NXM_OF_IN_PORT[]->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]

    Whereas the preceding parts specify fields for the new flow to
    match, this specifies an action for the flow to take when it
    matches.  The action is for the flow to load the ingress port
    number of the current packet into register 0 (a special field
    that is an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow).
A real use of "learn" for MAC learning would probably involve two additional elements. First, the "learn" action would specify a hard_timeout for the new flow, to enable a learned MAC to eventually expire if no new packets were seen from a given source within a reasonable interval. Second, one would usually want to limit resource consumption by using the Flow_Table table in the Open vSwitch configuration database to specify a maximum number of flows in table 10.
This definitely calls for examples.

Testing Table 2

EXAMPLE 1

Try the following test command:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,vlan_tci=20,dl_src=50:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
The output shows that "learn" was executed, but it isn't otherwise informative, so we won't include it here.
The -generate keyword is new. Ordinarily, ofproto/trace has no side effects: "output" actions do not actually output packets, "learn" actions do not actually modify the flow table, and so on. With -generate, though, ofproto/trace does execute "learn" actions. That's important now, because we want to see the effect of the "learn" action on table 10. You can see that by running:
ovs-ofctl dump-flows br0 table=10
which (omitting the "duration" and "idle_age" fields, which will vary based on how soon you ran this command after the previous one, as well as some other uninteresting fields) prints something like:
NXST_FLOW reply (xid=0x4):
 table=10, vlan_tci=0x0014/0x0fff,dl_dst=50:00:00:00:00:01 actions=load:0x1->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]
You can see that the packet coming in on VLAN 20 with source MAC 50:00:00:00:00:01 became a flow that matches VLAN 20 (written in hexadecimal) and destination MAC 50:00:00:00:00:01. The flow loads port number 1, the input port for the flow we tested, into register 0.

EXAMPLE 2

Here's a second test command:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=2,dl_src=50:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
The flow that this command tests has the same source MAC and VLAN as example 1, although the VLAN comes from an access port VLAN rather than an 802.1Q header. If we again dump the flows for table 10 with:
ovs-ofctl dump-flows br0 table=10
then we see that the flow we saw previously has changed to indicate that the learned port is port 2, as we would expect:
NXST_FLOW reply (xid=0x4):
 table=10, vlan_tci=0x0014/0x0fff,dl_dst=50:00:00:00:00:01 actions=load:0x2->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]

Implementing Table 3: Look Up Destination Port

This table figures out what port we should send the packet to based on the destination MAC and VLAN. That is, if we've learned the location of the destination (from table 2 processing some previous packet with that destination as its source), then we want to send the packet there.
We need only one flow to do the lookup:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 \
    "table=3 priority=50 actions=resubmit(,10), resubmit(,4)"
The flow's first action resubmits to table 10, the table that the "learn" action modifies. As you saw previously, the learned flows in this table write the learned port into register 0. If the destination for our packet hasn't been learned, then there will be no matching flow, and so the "resubmit" turns into a no-op. Because registers are initialized to 0, we can use a register 0 value of 0 in our next pipeline stage as a signal to flood the packet.
The second action resubmits to table 4, continuing to the next pipeline stage.
We can add another flow to skip the learning table lookup for multicast and broadcast packets, since those should always be flooded:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 \
    "table=3 priority=99 dl_dst=01:00:00:00:00:00/01:00:00:00:00:00 \
      actions=resubmit(,4)"
We don't strictly need to add this flow, because multicast addresses will never show up in our learning table. (In turn, that's because we put a flow into table 0 to drop packets that have a multicast source address.)

Testing Table 3

EXAMPLE

Here's a command that should cause OVS to learn that f0:00:00:00:00:01 is on p1 in VLAN 20:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_vlan=20,dl_src=f0:00:00:00:00:01,dl_dst=90:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
Here's an excerpt from the output that shows (from the "no match" looking up the resubmit to table 10) that the flow's destination was unknown:
        Resubmitted flow: unchanged
        Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
        Resubmitted  odp: drop
        Rule: table=3 cookie=0 priority=50
        OpenFlow actions=resubmit(,10),resubmit(,4)

            Resubmitted flow: unchanged
            Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
            Resubmitted  odp: drop
            No match
You can verify that the packet's source was learned two ways. The most direct way is to dump the learning table with:
ovs-ofctl dump-flows br0 table=10
which ought to show roughly the following, with extraneous details removed:
table=10, vlan_tci=0x0014/0x0fff,dl_dst=f0:00:00:00:00:01 actions=load:0x1->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]
If you tried the examples for the previous step, or if you did some of your own experiments, then you might see additional flows there. These additional flows are harmless. If they bother you, then you can remove them with ovs-ofctl del-flows br0 table=10.
The other way is to inject a packet to take advantage of the learning entry. For example, we can inject a packet on p2 whose destination is the MAC address that we just learned on p1:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=2,dl_src=90:00:00:00:00:01,dl_dst=f0:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
Here's an interesting excerpt from that command's output. This group of lines traces the "resubmit(,10)", showing that the packet matched the learned flow for the first MAC we used, loading the OpenFlow port number for the learned port p1 into register 0:
            Resubmitted flow: unchanged
            Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
            Resubmitted  odp: drop
            Rule: table=10 cookie=0 vlan_tci=0x0014/0x0fff,dl_dst=f0:00:00:00:00:01
            OpenFlow actions=load:0x1->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]
If you read the commands above carefully, then you might have noticed that they simply have the Ethernet source and destination addresses exchanged. That means that if we now rerun the first ovs-appctl command above, e.g.:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_vlan=20,dl_src=f0:00:00:00:00:01,dl_dst=90:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
then we see in the output that the destination has now been learned:
            Resubmitted flow: unchanged
            Resubmitted regs: reg0=0x0 reg1=0x0 reg2=0x0 reg3=0x0 reg4=0x0 reg5=0x0 reg6=0x0 reg7=0x0
            Resubmitted  odp: drop
            Rule: table=10 cookie=0 vlan_tci=0x0014/0x0fff,dl_dst=90:00:00:00:00:01
            OpenFlow actions=load:0x2->NXM_NX_REG0[0..15]

Implementing Table 4: Output Processing

At entry to stage 4, we know that register 0 contains either the desired output port or is zero if the packet should be flooded. We also know that the packet's VLAN is in its 802.1Q header, even if the VLAN was implicit because the packet came in on an access port.
The job of the final pipeline stage is to actually output packets. The job is trivial for output to our trunk port p1:
ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 "table=4 reg0=1 actions=1"
For output to the access ports, we just have to strip the VLAN header before outputting the packet:
ovs-ofctl add-flows br0 - <<'EOF'
table=4 reg0=2 actions=strip_vlan,2
table=4 reg0=3 actions=strip_vlan,3
table=4 reg0=4 actions=strip_vlan,4
EOF
The only slightly tricky part is flooding multicast and broadcast packets and unicast packets with unlearned destinations. For those, we need to make sure that we only output the packets to the ports that carry our packet's VLAN, and that we include the 802.1Q header in the copy output to the trunk port but not in copies output to access ports:
ovs-ofctl add-flows br0 - <<'EOF'
table=4 reg0=0 priority=99 dl_vlan=20 actions=1,strip_vlan,2
table=4 reg0=0 priority=99 dl_vlan=30 actions=1,strip_vlan,3,4
table=4 reg0=0 priority=50            actions=1
EOF
Our rules rely on the standard OpenFlow behavior that an output action will not forward a packet back out the port it came in on. That is, if a packet comes in on p1, and we've learned that the packet's destination MAC is also on p1, so that we end up with "actions=1" as our actions, the switch will not forward the packet back out its input port. The multicast/broadcast/unknown destination cases above also rely on this behavior.

Testing Table 4

EXAMPLE 1: Broadcast, Multicast, and Unknown Destination

Try tracing a broadcast packet arriving on p1 in VLAN 30:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff,dl_vlan=30
The interesting part of the output is the final line, which shows that the switch would remove the 802.1Q header and then output the packet to p3 and p4, which are access ports for VLAN 30:
Datapath actions: pop_vlan,3,4
Similarly, if we trace a broadcast packet arriving on p3:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=3,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
then we see that it is output to p1 with an 802.1Q tag and then to p4 without one:
Datapath actions: push_vlan(vid=30,pcp=0),1,pop_vlan,4
Open vSwitch could simplify the datapath actions here to just "4,push_vlan(vid=30,pcp=0),1" but it is not smart enough to do so.
The following are also broadcasts, but the result is to drop the packets because the VLAN only belongs to the input port:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff,dl_vlan=55
Try some other broadcast cases on your own:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff,dl_vlan=20
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=2,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=4,dl_dst=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
You can see the same behavior with multicast packets and with unicast packets whose destination has not been learned, e.g.:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=4,dl_dst=01:00:00:00:00:00
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=90:12:34:56:78:90,dl_vlan=20
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=90:12:34:56:78:90,dl_vlan=30

EXAMPLE 2: MAC Learning

Let's follow the same pattern as we did for table 3. First learn a MAC on port p1 in VLAN 30:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_vlan=30,dl_src=10:00:00:00:00:01,dl_dst=20:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
You can see from the last line of output that the packet's destination is unknown, so it gets flooded to both p3 and p4, the other ports in VLAN 30:
Datapath actions: pop_vlan,3,4
Then reverse the MACs and learn the first flow's destination on port p4:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=4,dl_src=20:00:00:00:00:01,dl_dst=10:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
The last line of output shows that the this packet's destination is known to be p1, as learned from our previous command:
Datapath actions: push_vlan(vid=30,pcp=0),1
Now, if we rerun our first command:
ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br0 in_port=1,dl_vlan=30,dl_src=10:00:00:00:00:01,dl_dst=20:00:00:00:00:01 -generate
we can see that the result is no longer a flood but to the specified learned destination port p4:
Datapath actions: pop_vlan,4

Contact

bugs@openvswitch.org http://openvswitch.org/
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